Research and Development Expenditure (% of GDP): Israel, Turkey, and Egypt.

The "Research and Development Expenditure (% of GDP)" indicator measures the financial investment in research and development (R&D) as a percentage of a country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It encompasses both capital and current expenditures across four main sectors: Business, Government, Higher Education, and Private Non-Profit Organizations. This indicator provides insights into the R&D expenditure ratios for Israel, Turkey, and Egypt over a decade, spanning from 2012 to 2021.